Earth and Environmental Sciences

Abstract Urban green spaces (UGSs) play an important role in improving urban ecological envi-ronments and social well-being. In this study, we selected Chengdu, China as the research area. By integrating urban big data with spatial autocorrelation analysis, we identified UGS distributions across different years and their spatial clustering patterns. Furthermore, eleven factors influencing UGS distribution were systematically selected from both city-scale and neighborhood-scale perspectives. The main factors influencing the kernel density of UGS in Chengdu were explored using geographical detectors, and the results showed that the quantity and area of UGS in Chengdu gradually increased from 2012–2021 through an unbalanced spatial distribution. All influencing factors had an interac-tive relationship with the UGS kernel density. As the UGS kernel density increased, transportation hub had the greatest impact, the influence of air pollution and urban pre-cipitation on the density of UGS increased, and the nighttime light index decreased. By categorizing the influencing factors into natural environmental and human activity di-mensions, the analysis revealed that human activities and natural environment served as primary drivers of UGS density before and after 2018, respectively. Furthermore, their ef-fects on UGS gradually expanded from the urban core to encompass the entire metropoli-tan area over time. By exploring the relationship between the evolution of UGS spatial patterns and changes in the urban ecological environment and social development using a quantifiable method, this study provides references and guidelines for the future plan-ning of cities to achieve high-quality development.

Currently, there is a significant intensification of technological processes during the operation of pipeline systems at marine oil terminals. In the context of a manifold increase in cargo flows, there is a rise in corresponding complications that require urgent solutions. It is important to note that the resolution of these problematic aspects must have a proper scientific basis, rather than blindly following the contemporary environmental agenda. In this regard, the issues of substantiating technical and technological solutions to ensure resource-efficient, environmentally friendly, and safe operation of pipeline systems at marine oil terminals are highly relevant. This study examines technological solutions aimed at reducing atmospheric emissions during tanker loading. Of particular importance during these operations is the initial stage of loading, when the pressure of the gas phase inside the tanker increases rapidly. The work demonstrates that at this stage, by processing data on the gas phase pressure value received from the tanker, it is possible to predict in advance how intensively the loaded cargo is evaporating. Thus, negative consequences such as the opening of the mast riser and the release of excess gas-air mixture into the atmosphere can be prevented by, for example, increasing the rotation speed of the gas blower on the berth. However, solving the inverse problem of identifying the process parameters is very difficult due to its ill-posed nature. In this regard, an algorithm is proposed, based on an equation derived in earlier works, involving series expansion and identification of the mass transfer parameter from the surface of the evaporating cargo. The proposed method will make it possible to implement in practice a warning system within the loading control system about a dangerous rate of pressure increase and to take preventive actions.

Organophosphorus esters (OPEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers and are globally ubiquitous. In the marine environment, OPEs primarily originate from continental sources and are initially confined to marginal seas before reaching remote oceans. However, their differing biogeochemical fates in these two regions remain unclear. This study investigated regional variations in the biogeochemical regulation mechanisms of OPEs (alkyl and aryl) across the Western Pacific and the South China Sea (112°E to 163°E) by analyzing their air-sea interface processes and vertical profiles. Results revealed that the South China Sea exhibited net inputs of OPEs (1.66 ± 1.36 μg m –2 d –1 ), while the Western Pacific mainly showed outputs (0.41 ± 1.15 μg m –2 d –1 ) to the atmosphere, forming patterns characterized by remote sources and marginal sinks. In vertical profiles, OPE consumption in the upper water column of the South China Sea was mainly driven by biodegradation, in contrast to the Western Pacific, where it was primarily controlled by the biological pump. This study reveals the distinct OPE fates in the remote ocean versus the marginal sea, highlighting the Western Pacific Warm Pool as a source of OPEs. Future research should address their marine coexistence with precursors and transformation products.

This study investigates the occurrence, distribution, and sources of titanium (Ti)-bearing and cerium (Ce)-bearing (nano)particles in the Seine River basin using single particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS). Water samples and freshwater mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) were collected during three campaigns (2020, 2021, 2023) to assess colloidal concentrations and bioconcentration patterns. Ti-bearing particle concentrations ranged from 1.18 × 10 6 to 3.61 × 10 8 particles·L –1, while Ce-bearing particles ranged from 5.08 × 10 6 to 4.58 × 10 7 particles·L –1 . Calculated export rates were 0.3 – 1.1 kg·year –1 ·km –2 for Ti and 56.5 g·year –1 ·km –2 for Ce. Elemental ratio analysis (Ti:Fe and Ce:La) distinguished engineered from natural particles: approximately 60% of Ti-bearing particles were associated with engineered titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), while 40% matched natural hematite-ilmenite minerals; similarly, 65% of Ce-bearing particles were associated with engineered cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ), while 35% resembled natural monazite. Ti- and Ce-bearing particle sizes ranged from 60 to 500 nm and 20 to 80 nm, respectively, reflecting aggregation and natural mineral contributions. Zebra mussels bioaconcentrated both particle types, with Ti concentrations correlating linearly with water concentrations, suggesting bioindicator potential. These findings demonstrate that engineered nanoparticle concentrations in the Seine River have reached levels comparable to natural colloids, highlighting their significant environmental presence in urbanized watersheds.

The Anthropocene is characterized by biodiversity and habitat loss that has developed over millennia. However, the more recent human-induced climate change requires humanity to take rapid actions to mitigate marine environmental change and adapt to its impacts. The analysis of global marine processes relies on reusable data as well as on methods that can handle the complexity and scale of these data, making data literacy a key component of ocean literacy. Here, we provide a perspective based on our experiences from the data competence center “DataNord” in Bremen, Germany, while considering the broader landscape of German initiatives and institutional support structures for data literacy and research data management in marine and environmental sciences. We identify common challenges, highlight practical needs, and discuss approaches in the context of the Ocean Decade, to make data literacy and research data management more accessible and practical for researchers. While rooted in marine sciences and the German research landscape, the insights presented here should also be relevant to other scientific disciplines and governments.

Introduction With the rapid growth of the global cruise tourism industry, the demand for cruise ships has surged worldwide. As one of the leading countries with a significant number of cruise passengers, China faces an urgent need to independently construct cruise ships. Methods This paper presents an optimization model aimed at minimizing the total number of obstructive blocks while simultaneously maximizing space utilization within the stockyard. To solve this problem efficiently, an improved genetic algorithm is proposed. Results Numerical experiments demonstrate that the in-plant scheduling of blocks can be effectively derived based on the shipyard's work plan. Moreover, the study reveals that both the layout of the stockyard and its access configuration directly influence the percentage of obstructive blocks. Discussion Specifically, stockyards with a long, flat layout and four-sided access are found to result in a lower number of obstructive blocks, providing practical implications for stockyard design and block logistics management in cruise ship construction.

ABSTRACT As globalization and urbanization intensify, human expansion continues to intensify. Focusing on Chongqing's main urban area, this study uses point‐of‐interest (POI) density to quantify urban vitality (UV) and assess urban centralization. A UV index captures spatial variation across traffic analysis zones (TAZ), with centralization examined by POI themes and categories, while an XGBoost model predicts urban center distribution. Results show multiple dynamic centers emerging in peripheral areas, indicating a marked shift toward polycentric centralization. POI category concentration peaks near the city center and declines outward; however, the overall spatial structure reflects a polycentric distribution characteristic of mountainous cities. The UV index further shows decreased high‐vitality TAZs and increased low‐ and medium‐vitality zones, similar to patterns in Hong Kong. Overall, mountainous cities exhibit a clear shift toward multi‐center development. City managers should thus pay greater attention to human expansion's impacts on future urban development.

Crespo-Lera, N., G. Vega-Gorgojo, J. M. Giménez-García, C. M. Sarmiento, F. Bravo, and I. Ruano. 2025. “Integrating Forestry and Local Administrative Data Using Semantic and GIS Technologies.” Transactions in GIS 29: e13299. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.13299. In the Funding, the grant number “Junta de Castilla y León. Horizon-RIA programme of the European Union (Grant 069/230331)” was incorrect and has been corrected to “European Union and Junta de Castilla y León Education Council (ORDEN EDU/1330/2023). Horizon-RIA programme of the European Union, Small4Good project (Grant 101135517).” In the Acknowledgements, the grant number “Small4Good project (069/230331)” was incorrect and has been corrected to “Small4Good project (Grant 101135517).” In addition, the sentence “Ministry of Education of Council of Castilla y León (ORDEN EDU/1009/2024)” was incorrect and has been corrected to “Ministry of Education of Council of Castilla y León (ORDEN EDU/1330/2023).” We apologize for this error.

Insect herbivores represent the most diverse group of multicellular life on Earth and most species are dietary specialists, whereas generalists represent a minority. This incredible diversity of herbivorous insects may be due to local adaptation, which could generate local specialization and maintain generalization at the species scale. However, we lack studies that directly compare the prevalence of local adaptation in related insect herbivores that vary in diet breadth. Here, we performed a large‐scale reciprocal transplant experiment to compare sister taxa that differ in diet breadth; we tested if Hyphantria cunea, a highly polyphagous moth with two genetically distinct biotypes, shows local adaptation to multiple host plants across its native range. We found that the red‐head biotype, which has a narrower diet, showed local adaptation on two sets of hosts. In contrast, one population of the black‐head biotype, which has a broader diet, showed a pattern of general vigor, outperforming the other black‐head population on two sets of hosts. We observe that local adaptation can be maintained across hosts and may not always lead to specialization. Our results confirm that dietary generalists can be locally adapted, but the evolutionary patterns emerging from a geographically widespread generalist are diverse, with two classical patterns (local adaptation and general vigor) emerging in two closely related taxa.

Processes underlying metacommunity structuring are important for understanding species tracking of environmental change at a landscape scale. Species' functional traits more closely reflect their ecological roles than taxonomy, therefore, adopting a functional approach allows us a better understanding of metacommunity structuring. Yet, uncertainties remain because prior studies have rarely considered how opposing species responses to environmental gradients may obscure signals of metacommunity structuring related with the environment. Joint species distribution models can help to overcome this challenge by evaluating responses to environmental gradients in a species‐by‐species approach while considering the role of both functional traits and phylogeny in shaping those responses. We applied joint species distribution models to three crustacean zooplankton metacommunities differing in landscape features from boreal Québec (Canada) lakes. We integrated abiotic and non‐zooplankton biotic environmental gradients, spatial structuring, functional traits (body size and feeding guild) and phylogeny. We found that abiotic conditions were the main driver of zooplankton metacommunity structure within each of the three study regions. In one region (Côte‐Nord), functional traits were most strongly linked to species responses to pH and conductivity, and not nutrient availability as expected. This region, a landscape showing less dispersal limitation, allowed species to be more efficiently sorted into environmentally appropriate patches than more dispersal limited regions. The integration of functional traits, as well as the species‐by‐species approach, provided an improved understanding of how environmental gradients and landscape features shape community composition. This is important considering the rapid pace of environmental change resulting from human activities, especially in mountainous and northern regions.

Invasional meltdown, where interactions between non‐native species amplify their community‐level impacts, is often evidenced through relatively weak cases in which one invader directly benefits another. However, stronger evidence for invasional meltdown – involving reciprocal benefits with effects at the community level – is rarely reported, particularly in extreme environments. Here, we examine inter‐trophic facilitation, encompassing direct and indirect effects, in a sub‐Antarctic ecosystem on South Georgia Island. A previous study showed that the invasive beetle Trechisibus antarcticus preys on the larvae of the native beetle Hydromedion sparsutum , which feed on the invasive grass Poa annua . Building on this trophic link, we hypothesised that P. annua directly enhances the performance of T. antarcticus by ameliorating microclimatic conditions and reducing physiological stress. Our results show that, relative to the native grass Poa flabellata , P. annua increases the weight and size of T. antarcticus individuals and diminishes their synthesis of heat shock proteins. This direct facilitation provides empirical support for a plausible mutual facilitation between P. annua and T. antarcticus , consistent with processes that may contribute to community‐level invasional meltdown. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document such dynamics in a sub‐Antarctic ecosystem. These findings underscore how cascading inter‐trophic interactions might drive invasion success in ecologically sensitive and climatically challenging systems.

Urbanization relentlessly consumes vegetated land, yet paradoxically, the remaining urban plants often exhibit enhanced growth. The net outcome of this trade-off, known as the growth offset, has been poorly quantified at a global scale. Here, we developed a new conceptual framework derived from near real-time heterogeneous urban landscape for characterizing the impacts of urbanization on vegetation growth. We applied it across 998 cities worldwide from 2001 to 2022 and evidenced the offset effects of urban environmental contexts (positive enhancement) to physical encroachment (negative replacement) on vegetation greenness and productivity. The results reveal a globally prevalent, generally positive growth offset, with no significant temporal fluctuations. The offset effects can compensate for ~41% or 31% of the vegetation loss due to urbanization (using greenness and productivity as proxy respectively). Landscape characteristics, particularly urbanization intensity, consistently imprint a strong and persistent signature on growth offset. Crucially, we project that strategic greening of gray infrastructure—such as rooftops and walls—can almost fully counteract the vegetation loss caused by urban expansion. Our findings reveal a critical, underappreciated opportunity for cities to mitigate environmental impacts, paving a clear pathway toward ecological resilience and carbon neutrality in an urbanizing world.

Climate change is intensifying urban heat risks, making green infrastructure crucial for heat-stress mitigation. Yet most assessments focus on greenspace coverage rather than realized cooling services, and rarely examine the divergence between the two, particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries. Using remote sensing data and spatial modeling across 29 Chinese cities, we quantified greenspace coverage, cooling efficiency (CE) and cooling capacity at 1-km resolution. Realized cooling capacity did not simply mirror greenspace coverage; spatially heterogeneous CE reshaped how green resources were translated into cooling services. This coverage–capacity divergence was unevenly associated with social groups: higher-price neighborhoods showed greater cooling capacity, areas with larger elderly populations showed weaker alignment in half of the cities, and areas with more children generally experienced more favorable conditions. Allocation simulations further revealed trade-offs between aggregate cooling and distributional outcomes. These findings show that equal greenspace coverage does not guarantee equitable cooling outcomes, shifting assessment from distributional inequality toward service inequity.

Session-based recommendation (SBR) has been widely applied in many fields such as e-commerce, streaming media, social platforms, and information push, etc. How to efficiently capturing dynamic interests is one of the most prevalent research highlights in the field of SBR. Most of existing SBR models which focus on modeling on a single session, are difficult to capture user’s dynamic interests. To address this limitation, we propose an innovative graph neural network model with deformable attention mechanism on session and global graphs (DAMSGG). Specifically, the model respectively constructs session graph and global graph for fully utilizing global information. The DAM module quickly and effectively catches user’s dynamic interests and historical behaviors, while the frequency encoding module proposed effectively represents the rich information of repetitive items by calculating the occurrence counts of items. The efficiency of DAMSGG compared with various SOTA sequential models is confirmed by extensive experiments on the three public datasets.

Malaria remains a critical global health challenge, worsened by the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Marine macroalgae offer an underexplored chemical space for novel treatments; however, previous efforts have primarily focused on organic solvent extractions, leaving the potential of sustainable, water-soluble preparations overlooked. This study evaluated the antimalarial activity and safety of aqueous extracts from pelagic Sargassum fluitans and Sargassum natans obtained from seasonal strandings along the Caribbean coast of Panama. Algal species were taxonomically identified, and aqueous extracts were prepared at 50°C. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against the P. falciparum HB3 strain using the PicoGreen assay and thin blood smear microscopy, while cytotoxicity was assessed in Vero epithelial cells via the MTT assay. Both extracts demonstrated a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of parasite growth, reaching up to 97.35% for S. fluitans and 96.37% for S. natans at 10% v/v. Microscopic observation confirmed pronounced parasitic morphological alterations without compromising host erythrocyte integrity. Crucially, the extracts displayed low cytotoxicity in Vero cells, with negligible growth inhibition (0%-8%) at the lowest concentration tested (1.25% v/v). These findings suggest the presence of selective, water-soluble bioactive compounds, validating pelagic Sargassum biomass as a promising, accessible natural candidate for antimalarial drug discovery and sustainable biotechnological development.

Objectives Current findings from cohort studies examining the association between obesity and cognitive impairment are inconsistent, particularly with regard to central obesity. This study aimed to investigate the prospective associations of Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) with the risk of cognitive impairment among Chinese elderly. Methods We used data from the Zhejiang Healthy Aging Cohort Study (ZHACS), which included 8,443 participants. BMI, WC, and WHR were assessed using a baseline questionnaire that was initiated in 2014. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline and three waves of follow-up (2015, 2016, and 2019–2021), with cognitive impairment based on thresholds tailored to participants’ educational backgrounds. Log-binomial regression models adjusted for numerous covariates were used to examine the associations and calculate relative risks (RRs). Results After 6 years of follow-up, 3,006 participants (35.60%) showed cognitive impairment at least once, according to the MMSE. BMI-defined underweight was positively associated with cognitive impairment (RR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.05–1.27). Conversely, inverse associations were identified for central obesity defined by WC and WHR, with estimated effect sizes of 14% (RR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.81–0.91) and 9% (RR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.86–0.97), respectively. Participants with both BMI-defined overweight/obesity and WC/WHR-defined central obesity had a significant inverse association with cognitive impairment, whereas those with both BMI-defined underweight and WC/WHR-defined central obesity did not. Stratified analyses indicated that the association of BMI-defined underweight and WHR-defined central obesity with cognitive impairment was more evident among women participants and individuals aged ≥70 years. Conclusion Among Chinese older adults, BMI-defined underweight was significantly positively associated with cognitive impairment, whereas WC-defined and WHR-defined central obesity was inversely associated with cognitive impairment, particularly among older adults (≥70 years) and women.

Background Students in senior high school face substantial academic demands, prolonged sedentary time, constrained daily routines, and multiple imbalances in health-related behaviors. Their mental health may therefore be shaped by dietary habits, lifestyle, sedentary behavior, physical activity level, and body mass index (BMI). However, within the same school context, it remains unclear which factors—dietary habits, lifestyle habits, sedentary behavior, physical activity level, or BMI—show stronger associations with students' mental health. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was based on a school-based questionnaire survey conducted among students aged 15–17 years from a senior high school in Nanjing, China. Mental health was assessed using the World Health Organization-Five Wellbeing Index (WHO-5). Data on dietary habits, lifestyle, sedentary behavior, physical activity level, and BMI were collected. Correlation analyses and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between these behavioral factors and mental health. Results Overall mental health in the sample was moderate. Sedentary time was prolonged, physical activity level was generally low, and dietary patterns were characterized by relatively regular main meals but suboptimal supplementary dietary habits. Correlation analyses showed that mental health was positively correlated with overall dietary habits ( r = 0.243, p < 0.01) and overall lifestyle habits ( r = 0.279, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with sedentary habits ( r = −0.756, p < 0.01), with sedentary habits showing the strongest correlation. In the overall multivariable model, physical activity level was negatively associated with mental health (β = −0.330, p < 0.001), a finding that should be interpreted cautiously because of the cross-sectional design and measurement approach; BMI category was also negatively associated (β = −0.148, p < 0.001), whereas overall dietary habits (β = 0.167, p < 0.001) and overall lifestyle habits (β = 0.248, p < 0.001) were positively associated with mental health. In the dimension-specific model, sedentary habits showed the strongest negative association (β = −0.722, p < 0.001), whereas weekday lifestyle habits (β = 0.168, p < 0.001) and regular meal habits (β = 0.074, p = 0.011) were positive correlates. Supplementary dietary habits (β = 0.050, p = 0.080) and weekend lifestyle habits (β = 0.025, p = 0.421) were not independently significant. Conclusion Mental health in senior high school students was closely related to the structure of daily behaviors, with sedentary behavior showing the most prominent adverse association. Compared with focusing solely on increasing exercise, reducing sedentary behavior, optimizing weekday routines, and maintaining regular main meals may better align with the mental health promotion needs of the school setting.

What counts as “real time” when musicians perform together across distance? Networked Music Performance (NMP) challenges conventional assumptions about simultaneity, presence, and ensemble by making perceptible the relations that co-located music performance often leaves tacit. This study presents a phenomenological analysis of interviews with 15 experienced NMP practitioners, yielding three primary themes: intimacy at a distance, improvisation, and practical hope for the medium. The central essence of the experience was a felt sense of expanded musical possibility across physical distance. Participants described feelings of intimacy as shaped by studio-quality sound, domestic comfort, and the simultaneous chance for globe-spanning connections. They also described adapting to latency through flexible temporal strategies and musical creativity. Practical hope for the medium appeared in participants' pursuit of appropriate tools, recruitment and onboarding of newcomers, and a willingness to directly confront skeptics of NMP's potential. Interpreted through Actor-Network Theory, these accounts suggest that NMP is assembled through relations among musicians, instruments, tools, software, and infrastructures, all of which enter directly into the lived musical event. Findings position NMP as a contingent but meaningful temporal ecology in which multiple presents can coexist and musical relation remains possible under conditions of network mediation.

Background Academic perfectionistic concerns are distinct from perfectionistic strivings, yet existing brief study-related measures often conflate these facets and lack rigorous evaluation of measurement fairness. Using the Study-related Perfectionism Scale (SPS) as a starting point, we psychometrically refined and evaluated a concerns-focused four-item Chinese version (SPS-4-CV) among Chinese adolescents. Methods A total of 1,126 junior middle school students were recruited using a three-independent-sample design. Sample 1 ( N = 331, online) was used for item screening; Sample 2 ( N = 333, paper-and-pencil) for exploratory factor analysis (EFA); and Sample 3 ( N = 461, holdout) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and fairness analyses. Polychoric EFA and WLSMV CFA were used to analyze ordinal data. Measurement invariance and Differential Item Functioning (DIF) were tested across gender and grade. A subset of Sample 3 ( N = 133) completed a 7-week retest to assess test-retest reliability and longitudinal measurement invariance. Results In Sample 3, ordinal CFA supported a robust unidimensional structure with excellent fit [χ 2 (2) = 2.07, p = 0.355; CFI = 0.999, TLI = 0.999, RMSEA = 0.009, SRMR = 0.017]. Standardized factor loadings ranged from 0.60 to 0.73. Scalar measurement invariance (equal loadings and thresholds) was supported across gender and grade. DIF analyses revealed no substantial bias, with negligible effect sizes (max Δ NagelkerkeR 2 = 0.015). Internal consistency was acceptable (ordinal α = 0.754, ω total = 0.755). Test-retest reliability was moderate ( ICC = 0.560). Longitudinal analyses supported configural and metric invariance, as well as partial scalar invariance (partial threshold stability) over 7 weeks. Conclusion The concerns-focused four-item Chinese version of the SPS (SPS-4-CV) is a psychometrically sound measure supported by rigorous evidence of internal structure, fairness (DIF), and longitudinal stability. It is suitable for research and group comparisons in educational settings and may serve as a brief indicator of potential academic perfectionistic concerns. While useful for screening, it is not intended for clinical diagnosis without further external validation.

Objective Humanistic care competence is critical to ensuring the quality of care for psychiatric patients, yet it shows substantial individual heterogeneity. This study aimed to identify latent profiles of humanistic care competence among psychiatric nurses and explore its influencing factors to provide evidence for the development of targeted intervention strategies. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 288 psychiatric nurses recruited through convenience sampling. Data on demographic characteristics, humanistic care competence, empathy, work environment, and social support were collected using standardized questionnaires. Humanistic care competence was operationalized based on the Knowing, Courage, and Patience dimensions of the Caring Ability Inventory (CAI). Latent profile analysis was conducted using these three dimensions. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were subsequently performed to identify factors associated with latent class membership. Results Two latent profiles were identified: a High humanistic care competence–Low Courage group (83.0%) and a Low humanistic care competence–High Courage group (17.0%). The High humanistic care competence–Low Courage group was characterized by higher Knowing and Patience and lower Courage, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in the Low humanistic care competence–High Courage group. Using the latter as the reference group, binary logistic regression showed that older age, female gender, higher empathy, a more favorable work environment, higher social support, and fewer night shifts significantly predicted membership in the High humanistic care competence–Low Courage group (all p < 0.05). Conclusion Psychiatric nurses’ humanistic care competence can be categorized into two distinct latent profiles characterized by contrasting patterns of Knowing, Courage, and Patience. Older age, female gender, higher empathy, a supportive work environment, greater social support, and lower night shift frequency were associated with the higher competence profile.