Physics

ABSTRACT Fatigue–free foldability is required for next–generation flexible electronics. For the essential protective films, ultrathin glass is susceptible to brittle fractures, whereas plastic films have inadequate hardness and tend to crease under dynamic loading conditions. We report a glass–like plastic featuring a nano–hybrid interpenetrating network comprising a plastic nanofibrous scaffold interpenetrated by an organic–inorganic silsesquioxane@nanosilica composite, which effectively inhibits fatigue relaxation. This hybrid material possesses glass–like transparency and hardness yet exhibits plastic–like elongation and impact resistance, and rubber–like resilience. When manufactured as thin films (5–30 µm), they can withstand extreme folding cycles (500,000 cycles at a radius of curvature of 0.5 mm) without macroscopic creasing/cracking or microscopic structure/morphology changes. The superior dynamic foldability of these glass–like plastics makes them promising for future device applications.

ABSTRACT Mixed‐halide wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskites are promising top‑cell materials for multi‐junction photovoltaics owing to their tunable bandgap and excellent photoelectronic properties. However, their solution processing often suffers from mismatched crystallization kinetics between iodine and bromine species, leading to compositional inhomogeneity and limited device performance. Herein, we report a solvent engineering strategy by introducing 4‐methylpyridine (4‐MePy) as a coordinating modulator. 4‐MePy possesses strong coordinating ability and a moderate boiling point. It selectively retards the rapid crystallization of bromine‐rich components by interacting more strongly with lead bromide, thereby homogenizing the halide distribution. The resulting perovskite films exhibit low defect density, reduced lattice strain, and uniform composition and morphology. These improvements suppress carrier recombination and increase the halide migration barrier. Consequently, single‐junction WBG cells with a bandgap of 1.77 eV achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.68% and a high open‑circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 1.35 V. When integrated into all‐perovskite tandem solar cells, this strategy delivers PCEs of 29.70% (certified 29.17%) on 0.05 cm 2 and 29.00% on 1 cm 2 devices.

ABSTRACT Additive manufacturing (3D printing) allows the fabrication of complex 3D geometries, yet the integration of long‐range ordered nanostructures within printed materials remains a fundamental challenge. In vat photopolymerization, rapid crosslinking kinetics typically arrest block copolymers in kinetically trapped, disordered morphologies. Here, we introduce Polymerization‐Induced Arrangement of Nanostructures with Order‐tunability (PIANO), a strategy that overcomes this kinetic mismatch by decoupling nanoscale ordering from network formation. PIANO utilizes a mobility mediator, ethylene glycol, to enhance polymer chain mobility, enabling rapid in situ ordering, while maintaining a hydrogen‐bonding network capable of sustaining 3D printing stresses. This approach yields tunable lamellar and hexagonally packed cylindrical morphologies with domain spacings of 20–60 nm. Furthermore, ethylene glycol acts as a latent crosslinker during post‐printing annealing, locking the ordered nanostructure while enhancing macroscopic mechanical strength. By reconciling the divergent timescales of molecular self‐assembly and additive manufacturing, this strategy provides a robust platform for the hierarchical design of functional systems.

ABSTRACT Recent years have witnessed the emergence of spin supersolids in frustrated quantum magnets, establishing a material‐based platform for supersolidity beyond its original context in solid helium. A spin supersolid is characterized by the coexistence of longitudinal spin order that breaks lattice translational symmetry and transverse spin order associated with the spontaneous breaking of the spin U(1) symmetry. Extensive experimental investigations, together with advanced numerical studies, have now revealed a coherent and internally consistent picture of these phases, substantially deepening our understanding of supersolidity in quantum magnetic materials. Beyond their fundamental interest as exotic quantum states, potential applications in highly efficient demagnetization cooling have been supported by a giant magnetocaloric effect observed in candidate materials. Moreover, the possible dissipationless spin supercurrents could open promising perspectives for spin transport and spintronic applications. This review summarizes recent progress on emergent spin supersolids in frustrated triangular‐lattice quantum antiferromagnets, surveys experimental evidence from thermodynamic and spectroscopic measurements, and compares these results with theoretical studies of minimal models addressing global phase diagrams, ground state properties, and collective excitations. In addition, this review discusses characteristic spin‐transport phenomena and outlines future directions for exploring spin supersolids as functional quantum materials.

ABSTRACT Cesium tin iodide (CsSnI 3 ) has emerged as a promising inorganic light‐absorber for lead‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its ideal bandgap of 1.3 eV and intrinsic thermal stability. However, its application is limited by random crystallization and spontaneous δ‐CsSnI 3 phase transition, causing substantial photovoltaic performance losses. Here, we employ lattice‐matched 2D perovskite templates to induce the oriented growth of 3D perovskites, enabling phase‐pure 2D/3D perovskite heterostructures for efficient and durable CsSnI 3 ‐based PSCs. Compared to their alkyl counterparts, 2D perovskites adopting aromatic spacer cations introduce additional interlayer π – π stacking to inhibit octahedral tilting and minimize their lattice spacing mismatch with 3D CsSnI 3 . This improved crystallographic compatibility promotes oriented growth of 2D/3D heterostructures along the (110) plane, regulating the crystallization kinetics and creating an additional energy barrier that suppresses δ‐CsSnI 3 phase formation. As a result, the optimized CsSnI 3 ‐based PSCs deliver a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.27% with a high open‐circuit voltage of 0.90 V. Benefiting from reduced trap states and eliminated δ‐CsSnI 3 phase impurities, the target devices exhibit markedly improved operational stability, retaining over 95% of their initial PCE after 1280 h at maximum power point tracking under continuous one‐sun illumination in nitrogen without encapsulation.

ABSTRACT Two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are crystalline porous polymers with highly tunable structural and electronic properties. Although single crystals of these materials are highly desirable for fundamental research and potential applications, their synthesis has so far been limited to only a few examples. We have developed a high‐temperature double‐modulator synthetic strategy that enables the growth of single crystals from fully dissolved precursors. We applied this approach to generate a series of perylene diimide (PDI)‐based 2D COFs. These materials crystallize as platelets with lateral dimensions reaching up to 50 µm for the biphenyl‐linked PDI(Me) 8 ‐2P COF, providing a suitable platform for studying electronic processes via micro‐spectroscopy. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements revealed ultrafast monomer‐like emission together with a slower excimer‐related component. The availability of COF single crystals further enabled polarization‐dependent measurements, which revealed that the fast PL component is linearly polarized due to the parallel orientation of the PDI chromophores in the frameworks. These findings highlight the importance of COF single crystals for elucidating structure—photophysical property relationships of these intriguing materials.

ABSTRACT Lead halide perovskites have emerged as an outstanding class of light harvesting materials. While much progress has been made in solar cell efficiency, the materials also proved potential for light‐driven conversion of water, CO 2 or organic waste streams into solar fuels and value‐added chemicals. This case study highlights advances made in the rational photoelectrode design to improve solar‐to‐chemical conversion efficiency, product scope, and scalability. To this end, we will explore the interplay between device architecture and performance, strategies to suppress moisture degradation pathways, as well as fundamental mechanisms to steer selectivity of CO 2 reduction products. These insights are generalizable to a wide scope of thin‐film buried‐junction photoelectrodes, highlighting the unique applicability of this technology to real‐world scenarios.

ABSTRACT Subunit vaccines are hampered by their inability to elicit robust cellular immunity and cross‐protection. The spatiotemporal fate of vaccine components within the body is key to overcoming this hurdle. Here, we report a cascade “Lymph nodes–Antigen presenting cells–Endoplasmic reticulum (LAE)” delivery strategy enabled by engineering the surface topography of nanoparticles. We designed mesoporous silica nanoparticles with smooth, short‐spiked, and long‐spiked (SNL) morphologies. Among them, SNL showed superior antigen peptide delivery and APC activation. Mechanistically, SNL enhanced Piezo1‐mediated calcium influx through mechanical stimulation, promoting dendritic cell activation and increasing antigen trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a key site for cross‐presentation. Capitalizing on this ER‐targeting capability, we co‐loaded the STING agonist 2′3′‐cGAMP with antigen peptides into SNL, yielding synergistic immune activation. This combination induced potent CD8 + T cell responses, delayed tumor progression in lymphoma and cervical cancer models, and conferred cross‐protective immunity in a SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination model. Our study establishes nanoparticle morphology as an important design parameter for orchestrating the precise intracellular delivery of vaccine components, offering a generalizable platform for next‐generation vaccines.

ABSTRACT Ultrasound (US) induced piezoelectric catalytic therapy is an emerging cancer treatment method. However, the development and optimization of piezoelectric catalyst remain the major challenge. Herein, we have converted the classical dielectric material CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (CCTO) into an efficient piezoelectric material through oxygen vacancy (V O ) engineering, enabling piezoelectric catalytic‐driven cascade tumor therapy. The introduction of V O results in strong polarization and a robust piezoelectric coefficient. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that V O acts as an electron trap to suppress the recombination of electron and hole, enhancing the catalytic efficiency. The piezoelectric effect can “open” the cell membrane, facilitating the materials influx and triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) storm. Meanwhile, the cavitation effect of US and tumor cell over‐expressed glutathione (GSH) accelerate Cu and Ca release, causing intracellular ions overload. ROS and Ca ions damage mitochondria to evoke apoptosis, which accordingly shuts down the Cu + outflow pathway and expedites cuproptosis. Moreover, ROS and GSH depletion triggers ferroptosis. This process establishes a positive feedback loop mechanism. Transcriptome sequencing confirms the activation of cell death‐related pathways. This study represents the first paradigm to create piezoelectricity through V O in CCTO for tumor therapy, advancing the applications of quadruple perovskites in tumor treatment.

High-entropy alloy nanocrystals (HEA NCs) are an emerging family of materials that feature the substitutional mixing of at least five elements. They are promising for various applications, including catalysis and batteries. Yet, their composition-structure-performance relationships are poorly understood. Therefore, there is a need for synthetic methods that allow control of HEA NCs. Here, we demonstrate a facile colloidal chemistry approach to synthesize size- and composition-controlled HEA NCs of transition metals in a one-step reaction. We show that both the morphology and crystal structure of the HEA NCs are influenced by the individual metals of which they are composed. HEA NCs primarily composed of noble metals form wavy nanowires, whereas non-noble metals result in spherical-shaped HEA NCs. In addition, we find that HEA NCs composed of metals that crystallize in different structures (e.g., fcc and hcp) are defect-rich, with different polymorphs forming at different synthesis temperatures. We expand the range of achievable compositions to also include post-transition metals (Ga, In, Zn, and Sn) using HEA NCs as seeds in an amalgamation reaction. Taken together, we achieve the synthesis of HEA NCs using colloidal chemistry with unprecedented tunability of their structural characteristics, including their size, composition, morphology, and crystallography.

The development of innovative luminescent materials for lighting and display applications is an important research field. In this work, we have employed an anionic condensation approach to discover a novel oxonitridosilicate synthesized via Li metal flux. LaSi2N3O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 (a = 7.82609(6), b = 18.24908(15), and c = 4.86567(5) Å) with a structure consisting of [Si6N12O2] ribbons cross-linked by [SiN3O] tetrahedra. This follows previously reported structural rules for a series of condensed rare-earth oxonitridosilicates, and discovery of this relatively simple composition verifies the design principles. Ce3+-doped LaSi2N3O is a highly efficient blue phosphor with peak emission at 450 nm under 390 nm excitation and a quantum yield of 72.0% and demonstrates strong potential for near-UV phosphor applications.

ABSTRACT Achieving ultrafast chargeability and long‐term durability in sodium (Na) ion battery (SIB) anodes is highly sought after, but intrinsically limited by their sluggish Na + transport kinetics and aggressive interfacial degradation. Here, we proposed a rationally designed bismuth‐confined micro‐rod@nitrogen‐doped carbon (Bi‐MR@NC) composite to address these limitations. The engineered structure achieves full encapsulation of ultrahigh nano‐Bi content (90 nm, 91 wt.%) in a sheet‐assembled carbon microrod (8–12 µm) architecture, enabling dense electrode construction while maintaining rapid ion/electron transport kinetics, and robust interfacial stability during long‐term cycling, as ascertained by detailed material characterizations and electrochemical evidences. Therefore, Bi‐MR@NC anode delivers exceptional long‐term cyclability of 82.4% capacity retention over 25 000 cycles at 10 A g −1 , ultrafast charging capability (220 A g −1 , charge/discharge completed in 9.2 s), and practically relevant areal capacity of 2.4 mAh cm −2 after 1000 cycles at 8.97 mA cm −2 . Remarkably, full cells with a practical high‐mass‐loading Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (NVP) cathode (19.48 mg cm −2 ) sustain 1.56 mAh cm −2 with 86.9% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 3.9 mA cm −2 . Pouch cell tested under 10 C fast‐charging condition demonstrates long‐lasting cyclability over 3000 cycles with only 0.01% capacity fading per cycle. This work establishes a generalizable architectural strategy for fast‐charging and long‐life alloy anodes in next‐generation batteries.

ABSTRACT The rapidly increasing global demand for urea, coupled with the energy‐intensive and environmentally detrimental Bosch‐Meiser process, underscores the urgent need for sustainable production alternatives. Electrocatalytic (EC), photocatalytic (PC), and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) pathways have emerged as promising green strategies to synthesize urea under ambient conditions by coupling carbon dioxide reduction with nitrogen activation. Central to the success of these approaches is the rational design of functional materials that can simultaneously promote C─N coupling and suppress competing reactions. In this review, recent advances in catalyst and system engineering, including size regulation, morphology engineering, alloying, defect engineering, crystal facet control, surface tailoring, heterojunction construction, and local environment regulation, are systematically summarized. We highlight that while universal design principles exist, the requirements to achieve optimal performance differ significantly among EC, PC, and PEC systems. In addition, prevailing mechanistic hypotheses, state‐of‐the‐art catalytic materials, and verification methodologies are critically evaluated before outlining key challenges and opportunities for future research. This work provides a timely and comprehensive overview that deepens understanding of sustainable urea synthesis and offers guidance for the rational design of next‐generation catalytic systems.

ABSTRACT Homogeneous and efficient surface passivation is crucial for achieving the high photovoltaic performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, we engineered a universal passivation strategy by constructing a hydrogen bond‐mediated molecule‐cation passivation pair for widely used ammonium cations (phenethylammonium (PEA + ), propane‐1,3‐diammonium (PDA 2+ ), (2‐(cyclohex‐1‐en‐1‐yl) ethan‐1‐aminium (CHEA + )). This strategy disperses the ammonium passivators by leveraging the hydrogen bond‐mediated interactions between 4‐amino‐3,5‐difluorobenzonitrile (AFBN) and ammonium cations, mitigating their disordered accumulation on the perovskite surface and enabling a laterally homogeneous passivation. Besides, the cyano moieties of AFBN interact with undercoordinated Pb 2+ , complemented by the amino groups, which engage in hydrogen bonding with I − sites, delivering effective passivation of multiple defects through combining the traditional ammonium salt. Consequently, the p‐i‐n devices treated with AFBN/PEACl and AFBN/PDAI 2 achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.89% and 26.77%, respectively. Furthermore, the AFBN/CHEAI pair enabled a high efficiency of 25.88% in n‐i‐p PSC. Moreover, the unencapsulated HMPP‐PSCs also exhibit an enhanced device stability, maintaining 91.5% and 87.5% of their initial efficiencies after nearly 2500 h of aging in ambient air and heat soaking at 65°C for 800 h.

Spectral computing and reconstruction technology does not require the complex optical paths and optical components in traditional spectral detection, and can achieve the integration of the detection system. It has important application prospects in medical imaging, industrial inspection, remote sensing, and environmental monitoring. However, photodetectors (PDs) used for spectral reconstruction are often prepared with filters. Once the photodetectors under this scheme are prepared, they cannot be dynamically adjusted. Meanwhile, the extensive use of filters will also cause mutual constraints between spectral resolution and spatial resolution. Herein, we propose a multilayer organic–inorganic halide perovskite single-crystal heterojunction (MPSCH) for spectral reconstruction via solution-processed epitaxial growth, with a graded-bandgap structure of MAPbCl3/MAPbBr1.5Cl1.5/MAPbBr3/MAPbI1.5Br1.5/MAPbI2Br to achieve wavelength-dependent photon absorption across the vertical stack. Instead of relying on static physical filters, we exploit the nonlinear extraction of photogenerated carriers under varying electric fields. This bias-tunable mechanism allows for the dynamic modulation of spectral response, enabling a number of detection channels that significantly exceed the limit of physical filter arrays, thus facilitating higher spectral resolution without sacrificing spatial resolution. The unknown spectrum is fitted by using the Gaussian function through the least-squares method based on this device. The final structure can achieve spectral calculation and reconstruction within the range of 420 nm–740 nm. Compared with the commonly used 9/16/25 channels in filter array-based devices, our device can achieve more than 60 reconstruction channels. Single-point scanning imaging of the picture can be achieved through this device. The minimum mean square error (MSE) order of magnitude of the reconstructed spectrum calculated by it, compared with commercial spectrometers, can reach 10–4.

The scalable synthesis of high-quality halide perovskite single crystals is essential for advanced radiation detection but is constricted by the difficulty of synthesizing high-quality single crystals. Here, we report a dynamic diffusion-controlled antisolvent method that enables the control of the crystallization by modulating the interfacial methanol diffusion. This strategy successfully suppresses the crystal nucleation by further facilitating the growth of millimeter-scale CsPbBr3 single crystals with ultralow trap density and high orientation (texture coefficient ∼99.9%). As a result, X-ray detectors based on these crystals exhibit ultrasensitive response (1.09 × 106 μC Gy1– cm–2) and robust γ-ray stability (>104 Gy), outperforming the previously reported CsPbBr3 single crystal. The method is also broadly applicable to MAPbBr3 and FAPbBr3 systems, offering a versatile pathway toward compositional control. This work provides both a universal crystal growth strategy and mechanistic insight into solvent–antisolvent interface engineering, opening new pathways for perovskite-based optoelectronics and radiation detection technologies.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly disabling trauma, and the inflammatory response plays a critical role in disease progression. The detrimental inflammatory microenvironment exacerbates neuronal apoptosis and suppresses axonal regeneration. Methyl eugenol (ME), the primary active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine Asarum, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, we developed glutathione-chitosan modified ME liposomes (GCME-LIPO) for the intranasal delivery in SCI treatment. The GCME-LIPO was achieved by encapsulating ME in liposomes, chitosan was electrostatically adsorbed on the surface to enhance mucosal adhesion, and Glutathione was covalently bonded to the amino groups of chitosan. The nanoparticles were well-dispersed, approximately 200 nm in size, and biocompatible. Following intranasal administration, GCME-LIPO showed enhanced accumulation in the injured spinal cord and increased localization around microglia. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that GCME-LIPO significantly downregulated the expressions of TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β and upregulated the levels of IL-4 and Arg-1. In addition, motor function in SCI mice was significantly improved after GCME-LIPO treatment. The underlying mechanism of GCME-LIPO was associated with the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway activation. This study provides a strategy for applying ME in SCI treatment, demonstrating considerable application potential.

Bladder cancer treatment is challenged by tissue damage, inflammation, and resistance to mild hyperthermia. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy offers a promising solution, but issues such as rapid nanoparticle clearance and limited tumor retention still hinder its effectiveness. Here, we report a mild magnetic hyperthermia strategy that integrates pH-responsive magnetic ferritin with a glutathione-activated nitric oxide donor to sensitize tumors while minimizing off-target damage. Under an alternating magnetic field, ferritin-confined Fe3O4 cores generate subablative heat through relaxation losses, while the ferritin shell ensures biocompatibility, enhances tumor uptake, and captures cyanoferrate byproducts to mitigate side effects. Combined with nitric oxide gas therapy, this regimen weakens tumor thermotolerance, reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, induces an abscopal effect, and dampens NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. By integrating tumor targeting, alleviation of immunosuppression, and inflammation control, this approach achieves greater tumor regression and better systemic tolerability than monotherapy, thereby advancing hyperthermia therapy.

Cu-based nanocatalysts have been widely studied for the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia, yet their activity and selectivity remain limited. Herein, we demonstrate that lattice-strained Au3Cu, achieved by organizing Cu@Au3Cu core–shell nanocrystals (NCs), facilitates efficient high-concentration nitrate electroreduction to ammonia. Typically, an NH3 yield rate of 265.2 mg h–1 mgcat–1 is achieved, which is superb among reported Cu–Au catalysts. In situ experiments confirm that the strained Au3Cu promotes water dissociation under alkaline conditions, ensuring enhanced *H surface coverage to support efficient hydrogenation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further demonstrate the strain-induced upward shift of the d-band center strengthens NO3– adsorption and activation. More critically, the compressive strain within the Au3Cu shell drastically contracts Au–Cu interatomic distances, which achieves a substantial reduction in the energy barrier for hydrogen spillover from Au to Cu sites. These integrated effects collectively lower the energy barrier (0.12 eV) for forming the key reaction intermediate *NHO during the rate-determining step, boosting the overall NO3RR kinetics. Integrating the NO3RR catalyst into a Zn-NO3– battery as the cathode achieves a power density of 5.91 mW cm–2 and FE of 90.5% for NH3 production, highlighting the potential for energy-efficient nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.

In van der Waals heterostructures hosting the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect, an appropriate band alignment is often needed to prevent extrinsic electronic bands from obscuring the topological gap. However, band alignment in two-dimensional heterostructures is typically regarded as a passive property determined by the material choice rather than an actively tunable degree of freedom. Here, we show that ferroelectric substrates provide a nonvolatile route to engineer band alignment through the surface electrostatic potential generated by ferroelectric polarization. The resulting surface potential shifts the energy levels of adjacent layers while largely preserving their intrinsic band dispersion, thereby enabling the controllable topological phase transitions. Using first-principles calculations, we demonstrate this mechanism in a van der Waals heterostructure composed of a fluorinated MoSe2 monolayer on a ferroelectric In2S3 substrate. Polarization reversal drives a transition of band alignment from type-III to type-I, inducing a phase transition from metallic states to QAH insulating states with a finite topological gap.

ABSTRACT Defects on perovskite film surfaces are thought to be detrimental to device efficiencies and stabilities of perovskite solar cells, thereby minimizing the surface defects is critical for high performance. Here, we present a chemical polishing‐assisted molecular passivation strategy to repair the perovskite surface, in which trace amounts of N,N‐dimethylformamide are employed to mildly dissolve the surface and remove residual PbI 2 , while 2‐amino‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine (ADT) acts as a molecular repair agent. First‐principle calculations and experiments show that amino and methoxy groups in ADT passivate defect states with different charge characteristics in perovskite via electrostatic forces, significantly reducing the defect density. Consequently, smooth and homogeneous perovskite films are obtained with released residual stress, suppressed non‐radiative recombination, and superior long‐term stability under both light soaking and humid conditions. The target perovskite solar cells show a power conversion efficiency of 25.05% and exhibit markedly improved stability, with the extrapolated T 80 exceeding 4100 h under the ISOS‐D‐1I protocol and the T 80 lifetime over 2200 h loading maximum power point tracking following the ISOS‐L‐1I protocol. The devices also maintain stable photocurrent under prolonged light on‐off cycling. Our work offers a new and convenient strategy for perovskite surface repair to achieve efficient and robust perovskite optoelectronic devices.