Physics

Stabilizing the air–water interface (AWI) on underwater material surfaces is essential for enabling long-term interfacial functionality. However, conventional superhydrophobic surfaces fail to preserve this composite interface under pressure fluctuations or extended immersion, underscoring the need for alternative stabilization strategies. Here, inspired by the hierarchical architecture of Salvinia, we developed a deterministic fabrication strategy that couples femtosecond-laser-induced self-growth of micropillars on thermally shrinkable polystyrene (PS) with an asymmetric scanning method. This method produces eggbeater-like structures with precisely controlled geometry and spatial arrangement. Localized hydrophilic tips were further introduced with micrometer-scale precision, yielding biomimetic Salvinia surfaces (BSSs) that integrate air-retaining superhydrophobic regions with hydrophilic domains capable of pinning the AWI. The BSSs exhibited enhanced contact-line pinning, improved resistance to liquid penetration, and reversible recovery of the AWI under pressure perturbations. They sustained repeatable interfacial recovery over 60 negative-pressure cycles and preserved AWI stability under complex hydrodynamic disturbances. These results demonstrate that combining controlled microgeometry with localized wettability heterogeneity provides a robust and effective strategy for regulating AWI evolution on submerged surfaces.

Microbial contamination and cross-contamination of food-contact surfaces remain major challenges to food safety and contribute significantly to spoilage and food waste. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) represents a sustainable, nonthermal approach for microbial control, but its effectiveness is often limited by low reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and poor stability under complex practical conditions. Herein, this study aims to (i) develop a copper (Cu)-doped cyclodextrin-based metal–organic framework to enhance the photodynamic activity of CCS, thereby increasing ROS generation and light-activated antimicrobial efficacy; and (ii) incorporate the resulting CCS-loaded, Cu-doped cyclodextrin-based metal–organic framework (CCS/MOF-Cu) nanoparticles into a microporous polylactic acid (PLA) coating to enable a light-activated antimicrobial surface. The CCS/MOF-Cu was synthesized via a rapid microwave-assisted method and exhibited enhanced aqueous stability for at least 30 days. The Cu-doped framework demonstrated an approximately 140-fold enhancement in ROS generation compared to free CCS. A phase separation strategy produced microporous surfaces that promote bacterial localization and improve ROS–microbe interactions. The resulting coating achieved a >5-log reduction of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus within 30 min of red LED exposure. This work demonstrates a scalable coating platform that integrates ROS amplification with an engineered surface design, offering a promising self-disinfecting solution to reduce microbial risks in food systems.

Hard carbon is widely considered a leading anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its high reversible capacity and low operating potential. However, simultaneously achieving high capacity, high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and high-rate performance necessitates precise control over the microstructure of hard carbon, particularly its complex pore architecture. Herein, we propose a pore-tailoring strategy that utilizes mesopores to facilitate the escape of gaseous decomposition products, thereby regulating whether the hard carbon is dominated by open or closed pores. Using phenolic resin as a carbon precursor and F127 as a mesopore-forming agent, three hard carbon samples with distinctly different open/closed-pore architectures are successfully synthesized. Systematic microstructural characterization demonstrates that the proposed pore-tailoring strategy has little to no effect on the interlayer spacing of the resulting hard carbon. Consequently, the hard carbon sample featuring a synergistic open–closed-pore network exhibits an optimal combination of properties: a high initial discharge capacity of 372.7 mA h g –1 at 20 mA g –1 with an ICE of 86.83% and remarkable rate and cycling stability, i.e., retaining 145.0 mA h g –1 at 5000 mA g –1 after 1200 cycles with a fade rate of only 0.03% per cycle. Further kinetic studies and in situ characterization were conducted to elucidate the electrochemical advantages and sodium storage mechanism, revealing that the developed open–closed-pore network enables fast plateau kinetics. This work clarifies how the mesoporous structure regulates the closed–open-pore structure in hard carbon and provides a strategic approach for designing high-performance hard-carbon anodes for SIBs.

Janus metasurfaces have achieved rapid development in enabling asymmetric and bidirectional manipulation of electromagnetic waves. However, compact full-space platforms that experimentally integrate independently addressable transmission and reflection functionalities remain comparatively scarce. In this paper, we propose a full-space Janus metasurface that supports six independently controllable channels, two in transmission and four in reflection modes, at a single frequency. The design incorporates asymmetric multiresonant meta-atoms with decoupled phase control, achieving simulated efficiencies of 94.3% in transmission and 99.9% in reflection. A hierarchical architecture combining spatial and polarization multiplexing is introduced to facilitate simultaneous and independent wavefront shaping across all channels. Experimental validation at 16 GHz demonstrates multifunctional beam manipulation with cross-talk below -13.89 dB and an average working efficiency of 30.15% (the ideal theoretical efficiency is 50%). Both numerical simulations and experimental measurements verify the capability of generating six-channel holograms for optical secret sharing applications. This approach enhances channel capacity by at least 50% compared to conventional four-channel Janus metasurfaces while maintaining structural compactness, and it realizes genuine full-space wave regulation by fully exploiting reflection and transmission channels, thereby offering improved functionality and potential for high-capacity electromagnetic communication systems.

A strong correlation has been found between ferroptosis and various diseases, with iron overload being prominently implicated. However, few studies have specifically focused on triggering ferroptosis by directly eliciting iron overload via forming lipophilic iron complexes. Here, we show that the natural compound hinokitiol (HK) forms a stable, lipophilic 3:1 complex with Fe(III) (HK-Fe(III)), which rapidly enters HT-1080 cells via passive diffusion and delivers iron preferentially to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Notably, 10 μM HK-Fe(III) induces potent ferroptosis within 5 hours-substantially faster than classical inducers such as erastin, RSL3, and FINO2. Mechanistically, HK-Fe(III) specifically triggers ER peroxidation without significant involvement of mitochondria or lysosomes, and the ER-targeted antioxidant stobadine completely inhibits cell death. Enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the ER enhanced the efficiency of HK-Fe(III)-induced ferroptosis by strengthening ER peroxidation, suggesting that ER peroxidation is a key factor in lipophilic iron complex-induced ferroptosis. HK-Fe(III) could also induce cognitive deficits and ferroptosis in hippocampal cells in mice, indicating its potential to establish animal models for neurodegenerative diseases through iron overload. This study identifies a unique ferroptosis mechanism based on ER-targeted iron delivery and ER peroxidation, and provides a rapid and potent inducer for studying ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo, with potential applications in disease modeling and therapy.

Stable oil–water emulsions containing micron-sized oil droplets readily foul conventional separation membranes, leading to severe pore blockage, rapid flux decline, and reduced operational stability. In this work, a piezoelectric nanofibrous membrane based on polarized PVDF/BaTiO 3 composite fibers was developed for enhanced emulsion separation and antifouling performance. The incorporation of tetragonal BaTiO 3 nanoparticles promoted β-phase formation in PVDF and improved the piezoelectric response of the membrane after polarization treatment. Compared with nonpolarized membranes, the polarized membrane exhibited improved flux stability and oil rejection performance during continuous oil–water emulsion separation. The enhanced separation behavior is correlated with the piezoelectric-assisted interfacial response generated during membrane operation. Under mechanical perturbation induced by fluid flow, localized piezoelectric polarization may contribute to reducing oil adhesion and suppressing fouling accumulation on the membrane surface. Although the precise interfacial mechanism requires further direct experimental verification, the observed improvement in antifouling behavior is consistent with previously reported piezoelectric interfacial effects. The optimized membrane achieved a separation efficiency above 99% together with stable long-term flux performance during continuous emulsion separation. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy for integrating piezoelectric functionality into nanofibrous membranes for antifouling oil–water separation.

Metal electrodeposition is a widely used materials synthesis technique; however, industrial applications often require the optimization of complex precursor formulations and electrodeposition parameters, which is typically performed in a slow, inefficient, and empirical manner. Self-driving laboratories (SDLs) that combine automated electrodeposition with machine-learning-guided decision-making could accelerate discovery in these complex, high-dimensional parameter spaces, but they face practical challenges. Notably, automated electrodeposition platforms need a continuous supply of pristine electrode surfaces, preservation and logging of electrodeposited samples, and the ability to easily incorporate nonelectrochemical downstream characterization. To overcome these challenges, we developed a modular, affordable, and accessible automated electrochemistry platform that uses a roll-to-roll design to enable continuous electrodeposition experiments. The roll-to-roll architecture enables easy integration with downstream characterization techniques in a conveyor belt fashion, and electrodeposited samples are stored by rolling up the spent electrode material. We performed 300 identical Cu electrodeposition experiments over 35 h, demonstrating high repeatability and continuous 24/7 experimentation. We demonstrate the use of our platform for an autonomous campaign, employing a vision-guided Bayesian optimization (BO) workflow to tune electrodeposition parameters and additive concentrations to achieve a visible-light-absorbing Cu deposit. An interpretable machine-learning approach was used to identify benzotriazole as a key additive for controlling the brightness of deposited Cu films. The roll-to-roll design enabled the preservation of samples and offline analysis with scanning electron microscopy, providing insight into the impact of benzotriazole on the morphology of the deposited films.

Buccal administration of peptide therapeutics offers a noninvasive alternative to injections but remains constrained by limited peptide epithelial permeability and physicochemical instability. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are important therapeutics with limited noninvasive administration options. Here, we present a buccal peptide delivery platform integrating electrostatic nanocomplexation, design of experiments (DoE)-guided optimization, and solid-state stabilization. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was complexed with a model GLP-1 RA peptide molecule to generate monodisperse nanocomplexes (∼100 nm) with low polydispersity and a positive surface charge (∼+20 mV). Lyophilization preserved nanocomplex integrity during storage at 4 °C for at least one month, enabling dispersibility and retention of colloidal characteristics and GLP-1 RA secondary structure. Nanocomplexes exhibited minimal cytotoxicity in TR-146 cells at 1 mg/mL over 180 min. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated membrane lipid remodelling, dynamin-dependent endocytic involvement, and redistribution of tight junction and desmosomal proteins, supporting a model involving nanocomplex uptake leading to modulation of epithelial barrier properties. The nanocomplexes were then incorporated into a bilayer film composed of a pullulan/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose mucoadhesive layer and an Eudragit RLPO backing layer. GLP-1 RA permeation across porcine buccal mucosae from the nanocomplexes in solution reached ∼13% at 3 h ( P app ∼3.8 × 10 –6 cm/s) while incorporation of complexes in bilayers yielded ∼3.4% permeation ( P app ∼1.2 × 10 –6 cm/s) compared to the absence of flux for the GLP-1 RA in solution. These findings demonstrate that peptide nanocomplexes can be successfully incorporated into mucoadhesive films. This approach offers advantages over films comprising permeation enhancers.

Beyond the structural precision and design versatility of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), dynamic MOFs responsive to external stimuli are emerging as programmable crystalline systems. Herein, two isostructural cobalt-based MOFs, [Co 2 (L1) 2 (L2)] n (NBU-X4) and [Co 2 (L1) 2 (L3)] n (NBU-X5), constructed from the ligands 3,3′-(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl)dibenzoic acid (H 2 L1), 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)naphthalene (L2), and 9,10-di(4-pyridyl)anthracene (L3), were synthesized to elucidate the interplay between ligand flexibility and framework rigidity. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that NBU-X4 exhibits structural adaptability mediated by nonuniform ligand torsion, enabling a reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation between NBU-X4-1 and NBU-X4-2 that modulates its photothermal response. Steric hindrance in NBU-X5 suppresses torsional motion, resulting in a rigid framework. NBU-X5 achieves a maximum surface temperature of 316 °C within 10 s under 808 nm laser irradiation (1.6 W cm –2 ) on the glass substrate. NBU-X4-1 and NBU-X4-2 exhibit durable photothermal cycling over 50 cycles at 0.2 W cm –2 and maintain a consistent temperature gap, enabling memory-type photothermal sensing on an alumina substrate. These findings establish a clear structure–function correlation among ligand torsion, framework adaptability, and photothermal efficiency, offering a rational design strategy for dynamic MOF-based temperature-responsive materials.

The addition and removal of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) are critical steps in the cryopreservation of biological samples, and in most research settings, they are performed manually. During this process, the CPA formulation, the addition procedure, and the ambient temperature all have a significant impact on the sample. However, there is currently no standardized platform that can simultaneously control these variables and be applied to the cryopreservation of multiscale samples. To address these issues, we developed a portable and programmable CPA perfusion platform for the standardized processing of multiscale biological samples before and after cryopreservation. By combining cell encapsulation with a nylon mesh trapping method, the system enables integrated handling of samples with different sizes, ranging from cell suspensions (NK-92 cells, ∼10 μm) to single cells (mouse oocytes, ∼80 μm) and skin tissues (∼2 mm). In terms of the solution environment, program-controlled linear-gradient CPA perfusion precisely regulates cryoprotectant concentration changes, thereby reducing osmotic damage. In terms of the temperature environment, the device can be placed in a 4 °C refrigerator during processing, which helps reduce CPA-related cytotoxic damage. Experimental results demonstrate that this programmed perfusion significantly improves post-thaw recovery: the survival rates of mouse oocytes and NK-92 cells increased from 65.6% and 69.7% to 77.4% and 83.2%, respectively. Furthermore, histological analysis reveals that skin tissues processed by this platform exhibit superior structural integrity and reduced cryoinjury. In summary, this study provides a highly efficient and cost-effective solution for the standardized cryopreservation of multiscale biological samples.

Microneedle (MN) patches have emerged as a highly efficient platform for localized drug delivery, showing great promise in cancer therapy due to their ability to enable precise drug administration. However, conventional MN systems are limited by the low drug-loading capacity of their tips and primarily rely on biologically inert, nontherapeutic matrices for structural support, which restricts further gains in antitumor efficacy. Herein, we present a strategy turning toxicity into therapy by constructing palladium nanoparticle-loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyethylenimine (PVA/PEI@Pd) hydrogel microneedles (PPPd-MNs), which exploit the intrinsic cytotoxicity of PEI for synergistic melanoma therapy. The PPPd-MNs efficiently catalyze the deprotection of a doxorubicin prodrug (P-DOX), enabling in situ generation of active doxorubicin (DOX). Notably, the PEI matrix serves a dual function: acting as a robust ligand to stabilize Pd catalysts and functioning as a therapeutic agent that disrupts cancer cell membranes. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the combination of Pd-mediated bioorthogonal activation of DOX and PEI-induced membrane damage achieves a remarkable synergistic therapeutic outcome in a murine melanoma model, resulting in a tumor inhibition rate of up to 98%. This work repurposes the inherent cytotoxicity of the carrier material as an active therapeutic component, offering a novel paradigm for the design of high-performance bioorthogonal catalytic systems.

The growth of two-dimensional materials by chemical vapor deposition is governed by a complex interplay of adsorption, surface diffusion, and nucleation processes. For growth on transition metal surfaces, dissolution into the bulk adds an additional parameter. Using low-energy electron microscopy, we analyze temperature- and dosing-pressure-dependent nucleation of graphene islands on Ir(111). Depending on dosing conditions, the island nucleation density follows two distinct regimes, described within Venables' nucleation theory. At low dosing pressure, nucleation is strongly suppressed, the island density is small, and it follows scaling characteristics of initially incomplete condensation. Increasing dosing pressure renders bulk-mediated adatom loss negligible, leading to a higher nucleation density and a strongly reduced scaling exponent. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations that explicitly consider bulk dissolution reveal a universal, temperature-independent scaling law with a crossover from steep to shallow scaling, reflecting generic nucleation behavior for 2D materials with finite solubility.

Flexible fiber capacitive tactile sensors hold promise for wearable human–machine interaction, yet balancing sensitivity with robustness while preserving textile softness remains challenging. To mitigate this trade-off, a capacitive tactile fiber based on the dual-mechanism enhancement of gradient-porous compression and Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization was developed. A fiber with a radial gradient-porous architecture, comprising a liquid metal (LM)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) conductive core and a titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )/TPU dielectric sheath, was fabricated via coaxial wet spinning through non-solvent induced phase separation. A sub-percolating carbon nanotube/graphene oxide (CNT/GO) network was subsequently introduced onto the fiber surface to amplify the effective permittivity via interfacial charge accumulation. A sensitivity of 18.32 kPa –1, a response time of 170 ms, a hysteresis error of 4.47%, and stable signal retention over 1000 cycles were achieved. An all-textile wireless tactile platform was constructed and progressively validated from transient mouse clicking to quasi-static sitting posture monitoring (99.6% recognition accuracy) and further to a 64-key textile keyboard, where signal crosstalk was effectively decoupled through a fabric topology design and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network algorithm, yielding a character recognition accuracy of 96.36% and enabling context-aware generative artificial intelligence communication via integration with a large language model. This work demonstrates the significant potential of fiber-based tactile sensors for complex, multi-scenario human–machine interactions and provides new insights into the development of next-generation intelligent textile interaction platforms.

∼ 6.3 V), ultrasensitive low-pressure detection and rapid capacitor charging (τ ≤ 26 s). The flexible device also demonstrated real-time responsiveness to dynamic changes for effective wireless IoT-enabled gesture and cardiovascular monitoring. Furthermore, we leverage electrode-interface optimization to record pyroelectric responsivity under varying thermal gradients, establishing anion-precise IL engineering as a transformative paradigm, surpassing limitations for wearable health monitors, therapeutic implants, and IoT sensors.

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric (FE) materials offer unique opportunities for molecular sensing because their switchable polarization strongly couples surface chemistry with electronic response. Here, we use first-principles calculations to investigate the adsorption of representative organic molecules on monolayer CuInP 2 S 6 (CIPS) and demonstrate how molecular interactions modulate FE polarization and near-surface electronic structure in monolayer CIPS. All investigated molecules exhibit thermodynamically favorable adsorption, revealing a robust molecule–surface interaction across diverse chemical functionalities. Adsorption-induced coordination, particularly through O–Cu and N–Cu interactions, drives local Cu displacement and breaks the intrinsic symmetry between FE states, generating pronounced molecule-dependent FE energy asymmetry of up to 282 meV together with out-of-plane polarization asymmetry reaching 0.54 μC/cm 2, as confirmed by Berry-phase polarization calculations. This asymmetry persists in the presence of a static interfacial water layer, indicating that adsorption-polarization coupling remains effective under realistic environmental conditions. In all investigated systems, the adsorption complexes remain semiconducting, indicating that molecular adsorption does not suppress the intrinsic semiconducting character of monolayer CIPS. Electronic structure analysis reveals FE-state-dependent electronic asymmetry and characteristic projected density of states (PDOS) signatures arising from Cu–molecule hybridization, providing experimentally accessible spectroscopic fingerprints. Relative energetics of representative Cu-displacement configurations suggest that polarization evolution proceeds through intermediate ferrielectric (FiE) and antiferroelectric-like (AFE-like) states without requiring a paraelectric (PE) intermediate, even under molecular adsorption. These results demonstrate that molecular adsorption can serve as an effective route for tuning ferroelectric polarization and near-surface electronic structure in 2D ferroic materials. Based on these findings, we propose a monolayer CIPS-based ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FET) architecture in which adsorption-induced polarization asymmetry may influence the local electronic response of the CIPS channel. This work establishes an atomistic framework for understanding adsorption-induced polarization asymmetry in 2D ferroelectrics and suggests potential implications for future ferroelectric sensing architectures.

Light management is critical for thin-film energy devices, where interfacial optical losses can exceed 10–20% of incident photons. Despite well-established photonic concepts, implementation remains limited by the incompatibility of conventional nanopatterning with fragile energy materials, restricting the scalable performance gains. In this perspective, we argue that effective light management requires decoupling optical functionality from material constraints. We highlight laser-induced periodic surface structures generated by femtosecond-laser processing as a scalable, maskless approach to create photonic interfaces while preserving optoelectronic quality. Using CsPbI 3 thin films as a model system, we demonstrate direct formation of surface gratings leading to reduced reflectivity and enhanced absorption (∼10%) through diffraction-driven light coupling and optical path-length extension. Self-organized photonic interfaces thus provide a general strategy for scalable optical optimization across a broad range of thin-film energy technologies.

Abstract Electrons in matter can rearrange extremely quickly under external perturbations, underpinning subsequent structural and chemical transformations. Coulomb interactions between neighbouring electrons often shape this response, giving rise to correlated motion and strongly affecting the distribution of electrons in the system. Here we show that non-resonant hard X-ray scattering can directly access changes in the radial electron-pair density during the rapid rearrangement of core and valence electrons. We do this by studying sulfur hexafluoride molecules undergoing Auger–Meitner decay. We exploit a second-order interaction between the X-ray photons and the molecules to trigger and probe the decay dynamics with a single pulse, capturing the electron loss and redistribution before the molecules dissociate. The experiment shows that changes in electron-pair densities can be isolated and measured on ultrafast timescales, providing insight into the real-space evolution of highly excited and short-lived electronic states.

Single-atom catalysts are often framed as isolated reactive sites that maximize atom efficiency in chemical transformations. A less explored role is their function as growth directors, viz., atomic-scale agents that bias nucleation pathways, steer incorporation events, and shape early-stage morphologies with precision beyond that of nanoparticles. The strongest experimental evidence comes from graphene, where advanced scanning tunneling and scanning/transmission electron microscopies enable direct tracking of atoms at growth edges and kinks, linking configurations to stepwise growth. First-principles studies on Rh(111) propose that transition-metal single atoms, particularly Mo, can promote productive feeding species such as diatomic carbon and boron nitride (BN) dimers, lower kinetic barriers during early h-BN-graphene lateral heterostructure growth, and influence boundary chemistry. This perspective reframes single atoms as growth directors, distills the mechanistic insights established for graphene, extends them to emerging heterostructures, and outlines criteria for identifying single-atom-directed growth, providing a basis for the rational design of atomically precise 2D interfaces.

Systems capable of dissipative self-assembly emulate the dynamic, adaptive behavior of biological systems, yet spatial control over this behavior remains a challenge. Here, we show how to generate chemically fueled supramolecular polymers at liquid-liquid interfaces by coupling a chemical reaction network with an orthogonal self-assembly based on host-guest interactions and metal-ligand coordination. Confinement to the interface yields readily tunable lifetimes for the polymers as well as an ability to undergo controlled depolymerization in response to stimuli, including redox cues or competitive guests. These polymers can jam at the interface enabling the generation of all-liquid constructs that are time-programmable and multistimuli responsive, providing a versatile platform for designing adaptive, out-of-equilibrium soft materials.

Integrating tactile sensing, neuromorphic processing, and visual emission within a single device is essential for next-generation intelligent interfaces. Although tactile neuromorphic displays have advanced significantly, further advances in brightness, stable continuous emission, and gate-tunable optical modulation would substantially broaden their applicability. Here, we present a tactile neuromorphic ion-gated vertical transistor display (TN-VTD) that integrates pressure sensing, ion-mediated synaptic plasticity, and electroluminescence within a compact vertical structure. Mechanical deformation of a hemispherical elastomeric gate modulates ion penetration through a permeable nanoporous Al electrode, inducing pressure-dependent n-type doping and band bending within the Super Yellow emissive layer. This ion-coupled design enables continuous and stable DC emission (∼46 cd m –2 at V DS = 3 V) for over 24 h and strong gate-enhanced brightness (∼427 cd m –2 at V G = 9 V), with the emissive area expanding proportionally with applied pressure. Pressure-dependent ionic accumulation further tunes synaptic relaxation time, generating nonlinear fading-memory electrical and optical responses that evolve along distinct temporal dynamics. From a single input, concurrent conductance and brightness outputs provide complementary state variables that expand the reservoir state dimensionality beyond single-observable operations. Leveraging this multidimensional state encoding, TN-VTD achieves 93.5% spoken-digit classification accuracy, substantially outperforming conductance-only operation (82.3%). These results establish TN-VTD as a unified platform capable of simultaneous sensing, neuromorphic processing, and visual output.

Postoperative tumor management faces persistent challenges, including residual tumor survival, immune suppression, and impaired wound healing. Surgical resection eliminates the primary lesion but simultaneously removes the continuous antigen source required for sustained immune activation, leaving the postoperative microenvironment vulnerable to recurrence and metastasis. Here, a flexible wearable cold-catalytic patch is constructed by integrating thermoelectric nanorods, enzymatic components, and a zwitterionic hydrogel, enabling synergistic immune activation and enhanced tissue repair. Localized cold stimulation triggers thermoelectrocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, enabling sustained release of bioactive molecules that promote antigen presentation, amplify inflammatory cytokine secretion, and enhance immune cell infiltration. Concurrently, the thermoelectrical cues and NO signaling produced during cold catalysis stimulate fibroblast migration, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby accelerating postoperative wound closure. In vivo studies demonstrate that this platform effectively suppresses residual tumor proliferation and distant metastasis while markedly improving healing quality. This work reports a unified thermoelectrocatalytic strategy that couples immune cascade activation with enhanced tissue repair, offering a broadly applicable paradigm for next-generation postoperative tumor therapy.

Electro-Fenton (EF) has emerged as a premier advanced oxidation process in water decontamination, but current EF systems are limited by high-energy-consuming aeration and low oxygen transport efficiency at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Here, we report a flow-through bilayer electrified membrane reactor (BEMR) that integrates in situ oxygen generation and spatial delivery to enable aeration-free EF reaction. In the BEMR, oxygen is continuously generated in situ through the oxygen evolution reaction at the upstream anode and subsequently transported downstream by pressure-driven water flow, establishing a self-sustaining dynamic oxygen shuttling system. Concurrently, an oxygen-philic interfacial microenvironment is constructed at the cathode using a reticular framework with high porosity and strong oxygen affinity, which promotes local oxygen enrichment and reduces boundary layer resistance. This synergistic oxygen regulation transforms the traditional passive diffusion-limited process into an active guided shuttle mechanism, significantly improving interfacial oxygen utilization efficiency and accelerating the generation of reactive oxygen species. The aeration-free EF system achieves rapid and efficient degradation of recalcitrant pollutants, with effects comparable to aeration systems, while reducing total energy consumption by more than 70%. This work advances our understanding of interfacial oxygen regulation in electrochemical systems and promotes the development of energy-efficient EF technologies for sustainable water purification.