Physics

ABSTRACT Self‐lubricating structural components are prone to suffer severe lubrication failure and wear loss during long‐term service in harsh environments, yet current self‐healing strategies remain confined to micro‐scale defects or require sacrificing material's stiffness to realize effective healing. Here, we reported a rigid dual dynamic bonds network material (DDBs, ∼2.16 GPa in modulus) capable of healing large‐scale damage (∼500 µm in width) without compromising mechanical integrity. The network was constructed by co‐curing commercial epoxy monomer with small‐molecule agents containing dynamic disulfide and ester bonds, enabling rapid topological rearrangement within a stiff polymer matrix. The incorporation of phase‐change paraffin further coupled autonomous lubrication with structural healing. The resulting DDB‐1/5P (DDB‐1+5 wt.% paraffin) exhibited high load‐bearing capacity, stable self‐lubricating, and anti‐wear (wear rate of 1.49 × 10 −6 mm 3 /(N·m)) performance, and it sustained multi‐cycle recovery of both macroscopic morphology and micromechanical properties. In addition, the excellent dynamic feature endowed the material with recyclability, allowing property customization through the incorporation of diverse fillers. This study provides a novel strategy for developing high‐performance self‐lubricating robust materials with large‐scale damage healing capability, which is highly expected for engineering applications.

ABSTRACT Current thermal insulation materials, such as aerogels and foams, encounter significant challenges in managing temperature fluctuations between day and night due to their low heat capacity and poor thermal inertia. This imbalance leads to inadequate cooling during the day and excessive cooling at night, highlighting the need for innovative solutions in energy efficiency. In response to these limitations, we have developed a multifunctional aerogel strategy that integrates passive radiative cooling with phase change materials, enhancing both insulation properties and climate change mitigation efforts. Micron‐scale phase change capsules are embedded within the oriented aerogel walls, serving dual function as scattering units and cold storage cells. This innovative design achieves exceptional solar spectral reflectance of over 96% and infrared emissivity exceeding 95%, while maintaining a low thermal conductivity of less than 40 mW.m −1 K −1 and featuring a high enthalpy of 146.1 J/g. The unique cold storage capabilities enable nocturnal retention of excess cold, which compensates for daytime cooling gaps, thereby reducing heat shocks and enhancing overall temperature comfort throughout the day. This innovative material achieves efficient integration of functions and represents a significant advancement in building energy efficiency, offering promising potential for mitigating climate change through improved thermal management systems.

ABSTRACT In this work, we report single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) synaptic transistors with high photoresponsivity at 940 nm, achieved by functionalizing the channel with the narrow‐bandgap photosensitive molecule‐IEICO‐4F. Under 940‐nm pulsed illumination, the devices exhibit clear synaptic behaviors, including excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), paired‐pulse facilitation, and a tunable transition from short‐term to long‐term plasticity. The optoelectronic synaptic transistors operate at V DS of −10 µV with an ultra‐low energy consumption of 54.8 aJ per synaptic event and maintain stable EPSCs after 30 days of ambient storage, demonstrating outstanding power efficiency and long‐term reliability. Leveraging our device's performance, we demonstrate a covert, event‐driven 940‐nm Near‐infrared (NIR) optical tripwire for monitoring indoor trajectories under near‐dark conditions. Furthermore, we exploit the device's conductance states to emulate network weights, achieving 96.63% accuracy on MNIST with a spiking neural network and demonstrating its utility in covert imaging by attaining 91.37% aircraft recognition accuracy with a convolutional neural network under 940‐nm NIR illumination.

ABSTRACT To address the urgent global challenges of climate change and energy demand, photocatalytic CO 2 reduction has emerged as a pivotal technology that moves beyond simple renewable energy harvesting by using solar energy to convert CO 2 into valuable fuels and chemicals, thus actively reducing carbon emissions. Recently, organic polymer photocatalysts have emerged as a promising alternative, offering pyrolysis‐free synthesis, high surface areas, and exceptional molecular‐level tunability. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the rational design and engineering of organic polymers for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. First, we present the fundamental mechanisms of the CO 2 reduction reaction and the key principles for designing organic polymer photocatalysts. We then provide a systematic analysis of design engineering at the molecular level, with a focus on tailored strategies to boost light absorption, charge separation/transfer, and surface reaction. Furthermore, various organic polymer photocatalysts, ranging from linear conjugated polymers and carbon nitrides to conjugated microporous polymers, metal–organic frameworks, hypercrosslinked polymers, and supramolecular polymers, are summarized. Finally, the review concludes with perspectives on current challenges and future research directions, aiming to guide the design of high‐performance polymer photocatalysts and advance the understanding of structure‐performance relationships in artificial photosynthesis.

ABSTRACT Luminescent materials with simultaneously high quantum efficiency and excitation‐tunable emission are highly desirable for advanced optoelectronic and information‐security applications, yet remain challenging to realize within a single, lead‐free material system. Here, we report a multi‐self‐trapped‐exciton (STE) engineering strategy in Zr‐based hybrid halides, where the deliberate introduction of Sb 3+ ions reconstructs the excitonic energy landscape of a zero‐dimensional host. Beyond the intrinsic Zr‐centered STE emission, Sb doping activates multiple Sb‐related STE states that efficiently capture organic triplet excitons, effectively suppressing room‐temperature phosphorescence while dramatically enhancing radiative recombination. As a result, the obtained phosphors simultaneously achieve nearly perfect photoluminescence efficiency and pronounced excitation‐dependent luminescence, with emission color continuously tunable from warm white to orange‐red. A 4×8 dot matrix system for ASCII encoding was designed using these materials, demonstrating a dynamic, time‐sequential decoding process that enhances information concealment and encryption. Finally, the materials were also incorporated into a digital display model for optical information encryption, where a deceptive message transforms into true information under different excitation wavelengths. This work emphasizes the attractiveness of Sb: ETPP 2 ZrCl 6 materials for high‐security applications, offering a new approach for developing advanced optoelectronic devices and smart labels.

ABSTRACT Intelligent biosensors, empowered by machine learning and advanced functional materials, enable rapid and accurate disease diagnosis, personalized therapy, and continuous health monitoring without disrupting daily life. This integration facilitates a shift from traditional hospital‐centered healthcare to a more decentralized, patient‐centric model, where intelligent devices collect real‐time physiological data, perform deep analysis, and provide actionable insights for precise diagnosis and individualized treatment. Driven by advances in functional materials, interface engineering, and flexible manufacturing technologies, smart flexible sensing has achieved significant progress. In this review, we summarize recent developments spanning electrode material design and micro/nanostructure engineering, highlighting the progression from material design to device‐level integration. We further discuss machine learning strategies integrated into flexible diagnostic systems, highlighting the role of deep learning models in data interpretation, multimodal signal decoupling, and intelligent perception for adaptive human‒machine interaction. The review also outlines representative intelligent biosensing systems with emerging clinical applications in continuous monitoring and personalized healthcare, while discussing key challenges such as long‐term stability, biofouling, signal drift, device durability, and regulatory considerations, and provides perspectives for future intelligent healthcare technologies.

ABSTRACT Achieving multimodal reconfiguration within a single neuromorphic device is pivotal for low‐power, highly parallel brain‐inspired computing. Conventional reconfigurable memristors rely on conductive filaments, which are stochastic and thermally unstable, limiting device reliability. Here, we report an intrinsically reconfigurable neuromorphic device based on a thermally driven tri‐phase‐interconverted supramolecular liquid crystal (SLC). The device reversibly switches among three distinct molecular phases‐superlattice (SL), lamellar quadruple (LQ), and isotropy (ISO). The SL phase enables linearly programmable conductance modulation, while the LQ phase exhibits bistability within a narrow switching window, achieving excellent cycle‐to‐cycle (>99%) and device‐to‐device (>95%) uniformity, along with stable endurance over 105 cycles at 435 K. The device implements self‐recovery through thermally‐induced molecular re‐organization (>95% consistency over 104 cycles), manifesting robust intrinsic reconfigurability. Furthermore, an environmentally adaptive neuromorphic system is constructed for complex perception and classification tasks in wide‐temperature‐range extreme environments. This three‐states‐in‐one‐device paradigm offers a transformative platform for highly‐efficient, multifunctional, and temperature‐adaptive neuromorphic hardware integrating memory, computation, and encryption.

ABSTRACT Achieving stable and nonvolatile synaptic plasticity remains a central challenge for organic neuromorphic devices. While previous efforts have independently focused on backbone or side chain modifications, the fundamental role of conjugated backbone design in directing side chain–ion interaction has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that modulation of thiophene units in the backbone governs the spatial arrangement and ionic accessibility of glycol side chains, thereby enabling strong anion adsorption and long‐term retention. Electrolyte‐gated organic synaptic transistors (EGOSTs) with extended backbones exhibit pronounced structural reorganization, suppressed ion back‐diffusion, and stable nonvolatile characteristics. As artificial synapses, the devices realize robust neuromorphic functions, including paired‐pulse facilitation, long‐term potentiation/depression, and achieves 89.34% accuracy in convolutional neural network simulations. This work establishes conjugated backbone regulation as a straightforward strategy for controlling side‐chain‐electrolyte contiguity, thereby proposing a novel design principle for nonvolatile synaptic devices and advancing the development of reliable organic neuromorphic computing.

ABSTRACT Defect engineering in carbon nitride often compromises structural integrity and charge kinetics. Herein, we propose a gradient‑vacancy‑coupled node‑repair strategy realized by simple heating to overcome these limitations in nitrogen‑enriched carbon nitride (C 3 N 5 ). Experimental and theoretical simulations reveal that nitrogen vacancies preferentially form in the bulk phase, while carbon vacancies dominate the surface, resulting in a gradient vacancy architecture. High‑temperature annealing simultaneously etches vacancies and repairs fragmented nodes through ammonia release, producing C 3 N 5 ‑700 with enhanced crystallinity and a strain‑tunable built‑in electric field. Moreover, the material exhibits high stress tolerance, enabling efficient adsorption and activation of key substrates under varying strain. In‑situ photoelectric characterization and theoretical simulations confirm that the combined modifications from gradient vacancies and node‑repair cooperatively enhance charge‑carrier kinetics and surface activity. Thus, C 3 N 5 ‑700 exhibits outstanding piezo‑photocatalytic performance, achieving a tetracycline degradation rate constant of 0.047 min −1 under optimal conditions, which further increases to 0.267 min −1 in an Fe 3+ ‑triggered piezo‑photocatalytic self‑Fenton system. Meanwhile, the H 2 O 2 production rate reaches 19.23 mM g −1 h −1 (10% EtOH, pH 1). This work provides a dual‐functional defect‐repair strategy for low‑cost synthesis of piezo‐photocatalysts, which are expected to harness ambient mechanical and solar energy for water‑pollutant remediation, such as in‑situ elimination of antibiotics in rivers.

ABSTRACT Phosphorene represents a programmable two‐dimensional platform in which synthesis dictates molecular architecture, enabling precise control over ion transport and storage mechanisms. This review establishes a design‐centric framework by linking tailored synthesis strategies, from exfoliation to vapor‐phase growth, to the construction of phosphorene allotropes with targeted structural merits. It is demonstrated how this synthesis‐driven architecture directly governs ion transport kinetics and supports multifunctional roles of phosphorene as high‐capacity anodes, polysulfide‐trapping cathodes, solid‐electrolyte modifiers, or interfacial stabilizers across rechargeable battery and supercapacitors. Moreover, this review systematically correlates material states, including defective, doped, and heterostructured phosphorene, with tailored ion diffusion behaviors that govern electrochemical kinetics. Finally, critical challenges are thoroughly analyzed, and some forward‐looking research directions are outlined, emphasizing integrated strategies in material stabilization, interface engineering, and scalable synthesis to unlock full potential of phosphorene in powering next‐generation energy storage devices.

ABSTRACT Constructing a closed pore structure through precursor modification has been regarded as an effective route for boosting plateau capacity in hard carbon (HC) anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the mechanistic role of polymer aggregation behavior in the closed pore formation in polymer‐derived HCs remains poorly understood. Herein, flexible chain conformation has been incorporated into the phenolic resin network to weaken the aggregated state and promote closed pores formation in the polymer‐derived HC for the first time. During the stepwise immersion in ethanol and water solvent, the extension of crystalline domains in polyethylene glycol segments can reduce the multichain aggregation as well as activate more free volumes within the polymer backbone. The weak aggregation transition can facilitate the multiple releases of volatile byproducts and mitigate the rearrangement of carbon skeleton, which constructs a plentiful closed pore structure with ultra‐small pore size during pyrolysis. As a result, the as‐obtained HC anode demonstrates a high reversible capacity (357.9 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C), enhanced rate performance (168.9 mAh g −1 at 5 C), as well as excellent cycling stability over 2000 cycles at 4 C. This work provides a valuable insight into aggregate chemistry toward the development of high‐performance HC anodes for advanced SIBs.

ABSTRACT The difficulty in tendon‐bone interface repair and surrounding muscle adipose infiltration after rotator cuff injuries present significant clinical challenges, necessitating the development of biomaterials capable of repairing the interface and preventing adipose deposition. In this study, we developed a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive microneedle patch (Cu/MnTA‐HP) designed to facilitate rotator cuff injuries repair and reduce adipose tissue deposition. Utilizing the natural metal prosthetic groups Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, we coordinated with tannic acid (TA) to form metal polyphenol nanoparticles (Cu/MnTA), which mimic the structure and function of natural SOD enzymes. Subsequently, dynamic covalent boronate ester bonds between Cu/MnTA and phenylboronic acid‐modified hyaluronic acid (HP) ensured the microneedles' intelligent response to ROS. The constructed mimetic SOD nanozymes‐Cu/MnTA, on the one hand, release TA to eliminate endogenous reactive oxygen, and on the other hand, participate in a series of natural enzymatic reactions (Superoxide dismutase‐like, Peroxidase‐like), thereby rescuing mitochondrial function (enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential levels and reducing mitochondrial ROS production) in tendon‐derived stem cells, promoting tenogenic differentiation, and inhibiting adipose accumulation. This approach promotes the repair of the tendon‐bone interface in rotator cuff injuries and reduces fatty infiltration in surrounding muscles.

ABSTRACT Despite their intrinsic safety, low cost, and high output voltage, Zn‐I 2 batteries (ZIBs) still suffer from severe shuttle effects of polyiodides and uncontrollable side reactions triggered by active H 2 O. In this work, a hydrated eutectic electrolyte (HEE) is proposed to achieve concurrent stabilization of the I 2 cathode and Zn anode through hydrogen‐bond reconstruction and interfacial engineering. The introduced imidazolidinyl urea (IU) reconstructs the hydrogen‐bond networks to restrain H 2 O activity and inhibit water‐induced side reactions. Combined theoretical and experimental results further reveal that the imidazole moieties in IU effectively mitigate polyiodide shuttling via ion‐dipole interactions, minimizing active material loss and Zn corrosion. As a result, the HEE enables stable Zn plating/stripping over 5000 h with dendrite‐free morphology. The fabricated ZIB using HEE demonstrates a high capacity of 170.1 mAh g −1 at 10 A g −1 and outstanding long‐term cycling stability (81.2% retention over 20 000 cycles). Furthermore, this cell exhibits stable operation over a wide temperature range from −40°C to 65°C. This work provides a HEE‐enabled dual‐stabilization approach for long‐lifespan and temperature‐resilient ZIBs.

ABSTRACT Confining single metal atoms within nanoporous structure offers an effective strategy to improve their Fenton‐like catalytic activity and modulate the reaction pathway, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Moreover, conventional single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with nitrogen‐doped carbon support generally suffer from high fabrication costs and limited long‐term stability. Herein, we fabricated a highly reactive and durable cobalt single‐atom network (Co‐SAN) by a facile hard‐template method and used it for efficient peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The tailored mesoporous architecture of the Co‐SAN drastically strengthened the reactant enrichment relative to Co‐SAC and steered a catalytic pathway shift from singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) to high‐valent Co (IV)═O species generation, rendering the catalytic system 50.5‐fold raised pollutant degradation kinetics. The nanoconfinement‐induced catalytic pathway shift was mainly caused by preferential formation of key O* intermediates at the convex interface. The Co‐SAN catalytic system exhibited robust decontamination performances across diverse environmental conditions and demonstrated high stability for continuous lake water purification in a flow‐through membrane reactor, highlighting its application potential for practical water purification.

ABSTRACT Lithium metal is an ideal anode characterized by its ultra‐high theoretical specific capacity and low redox potential. However, in liquid electrolytes, its surface is vulnerable to forming an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that repeatedly fractures during cycling, leading to uncontrolled lithium dendrite propagation and battery failure. To solve this, we developed an artificial self‐adaptive polymer protective layer (DACP) that stabilizes the anode through synergistic supramolecular hydrogen bonds and Diels‐Alder (D‐A) dynamic covalent bonds. The strategic incorporation of dual dynamic bonds enables a hierarchical response: weak hydrogen bonds break quickly to dissipate stress and suppress microcracks (rapid self‐adaptive response), while strong D‐A bonds reversibley restructure network to maintain integrity under large deformations (dynamic response to ensure long‐term stability). This self‐adaptive/dynamic multiple response mechanism effectively reduces electrode volume fluctuations during cycling and inhibits dendrite propagation and dead Li accumulation. DACP‐modified anodes show excellent cycling stability in Li||Li symmetric cells (>6500 h at 10 mA cm −2 ) and enhanced performance in high‐loading Li ||NMC811 full cells (Li foil thickness: 50 µm; mass loading: 9.7 mg cm −2 ) compared to Bare‐Li. This strategy offers a practical path toward durable, safe Li metal anodes for next‐generation batteries.

ABSTRACT Electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) synthesis in neutral saltwater holds promise for medical sterilization and marine remediation, but is limited by the scarcity of catalysts combining high selectivity and industrial‐current capability. Here, we report a polythiophene‐modulated strategy to activate the edge‐nickel sites in the conductive metal‐organic framework (Ni‐HHTP) for efficient H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis via two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e − ORR). The polythiophene with sufficient oxygen‐containing species in situ coordinated with the edge Ni‐sites in Ni‐HHTP to form a penta‐coordinated Ni‐O 5 configuration, thus tailoring the electronic structure of nickel centers and optimizing the 2e − ORR activity and selectivity. Meanwhile, Ni‐HHTP possesses a well‐defined porous architecture, in which polythiophene is incorporated and significantly enhances its electronic conductivity, favoring rapid reaction kinetics. Thus, the resulting catalyst achieves over 90% H 2 O 2 selectivity in simulated seawater (3.6 wt.% NaCl), and operates stably at an industrial current density of 250 mA cm −2 . When integrated into a solar‐driven system, there is still an average Faradaic efficiency of ∼100% for H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis, as well as a solar‐to‐H 2 O 2 conversion efficiency of 12.8%. This work demonstrates the precise activation of metal sites in conductive metal‐organic frameworks via polymer modulation, offering a practical avenue for industrial‐scale H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis under neutral conditions.

ABSTRACT Buried interface defects and energy‐level misalignment pose major challenges in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), resulting in degradation centers for severe non‐radiative recombination that limits device performance. Here, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) was introduced into the electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface. As a versatile Lewis base, the highly polar BOB − anions coordinate with Lewis acidic Pb 2+ and Sn 4+ . This interaction makes the perovskite precursor film uniform heterogeneous nucleation, yielding larger perovskite‐grains with minimized bulk/grain boundary defects. Simultaneously, it effectively adjusts the energy band of the SnO 2 quantum dots ETL to achieve a favorable energy‐level alignment between perovskite and SnO 2 quantum dots ETL, resulting in a reduced interfacial barrier for smooth electron transfer/extraction. Consequently, LiBOB‐based PSCs achieved a champion efficiency of 26.15%. After 3600 h under ambient conditions, these devices kept ∼91% of their initial efficiency, significantly surpassing control devices (only 53% retention).

ABSTRACT Radiative‐evaporative synergistic passive cooling presents a promising sustainable strategy for building thermal management, yet integrating superior optical properties with effective moisture management and structural robustness remains challenging. Herein, a biomimetic hydrogel‐cement bilayer structure inspired by the plant root‐soil synergy mechanism is designed to overcome this limitation. This structure consists of a hydrogel upper layer and a porous cement lower layer. The upper layer handles spectral regulation and evaporative cooling, while the lower layer provides mechanical reinforcement and continuously replenishes water through soil‐like water storage. Irregular Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles create a multiscale porous structure in the hydrogel, which enhances light scattering and enables a remarkable solar reflectance of 97.87% together with a mid‐infrared emissivity of 99%. As a result, the bilayer system attains a sub‐ambient temperature drop of 9°C under intense sunlight. Following rainfall, the cooling enhancement reaches 14°C, and the stored water sustains evaporative cooling for over five days. This work demonstrates a multimodal synergy among optical regulation, moisture management, and interfacial reinforcement, offering a new design paradigm for adaptive radiative‐evaporative cooling materials in buildings.

ABSTRACT To alleviate membrane fouling encountered in oil/water separation, which is commonly associated with porous membranes fabricated via conventional nonsolventinduced phase separation (NIPS), a hierarchically porous network‐structured coating with nano‐titanium dioxide particles (TiO 2 ) anchored via hydrogen‐bond crosslinking between polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and tannic acid (TA), using polyethersulfone (PES) as the reinforcing framework featuring superhydrophilicity, underwater superoleophobicity, and robust photocatalytic selfcleaning capability was rationally designed and fabricated. Hereafter, this coating is denoted as (PPTT). The hydrophilic additive PVP and TA form a stable hydrogenbonded crosslinked network in the aqueous coagulation bath, which effectively promotes the formation of a hierarchical porous structure. Moreover, the coordination interaction between TA and TiO 2 nanoparticles further constructs an organic‐inorganic interpenetrating structure, thereby strengthening the structural stability of the membrane. The optimized coated membrane exhibits high separation efficiency and favorable antifouling performance for both oil/water mixtures and surfactantstabilized oilin‐water emulsions. Furthermore, this work extends the application of the PPTT coating to boosted fog water collection, achieving significant performance enhancement. This study provides a strategy for fabricating highly adaptable superwetting coatings via the NIPS method, enabling multifunctional applications in oil/water separation, antifouling, and fog water collection.

Abstract This paper employs numerical methods to study the behaviour of current flow in hyperabrupt p-n junctions and the generation of built-in static charge. Using structures with a Gaussian doping profile, several distinctive features relative to step-graded junctions are identified. The authors locate regions where the generation current increases sharply and saturates as the reverse voltage rises. They propose an approach to model high electric field effects using effective voltage within the framework of step-graded p-n junction theory. The current-voltage and charge-voltage dependencies are analytically described using empirical formulas. The study introduces an advanced compact model designed to include 22 additional parameters. The analytical expressions developed are integrated into the JUNCAP2 model. A comparative simulation of current-voltage and capacitance-voltage dependencies is provided for a wide temperature range. For the studied structures, when simulation data are approximated without considering high-field effects, the maximum deviation in current and capacitance does not exceed 7-8%, while the maximum standard deviation is 2.2-3.7%.

Abstract β-Ga₂O₃ is a promising ultra-wide-bandgap semiconductor for power and deep-UV devices, yet its strong Ga-O bonds make controllable etching and defect delineation challenging. In this work, we systematically investigate the electrochemical etching of cast-grown (100) β-Ga 2 O 3 substrates in 85 wt% phosphoric acid and reveal a tunable transition from porous surface treatment to defect-selective etching. At low anodic bias the etching proceeds in a reaction-limited regime, where randomly distributed pores are formed on the surface. Additionally, above a critical bias (~15 V), etching becomes defect-selective at room temperature, forming olive-shaped surface pits aligned along the [010] direction, correlating strongly with dislocations, voids, and stressconcentrated regions. It is demonstrated that the etching process is governed by the coupled kinetics of interfacial anodic dissolution and phosphate deposition-removal. This simple electrochemical strategy enables both porous structuring and defect revelation, offering a new route for substrate assessment and device engineering.

Abstract In this work we have proposed a LIF neuron using Steep subthreshold characteristics of Germanium (Ge) source based dual gate PNPN TFET device. Device simulation is done using a computer aided TCAD tool (ATLAS-SILVACO). The device shows an ON-state current of 3.83x10-5A with Ion/Ioff ratio of 4.47x109 and has a steep point subthreshold slope of 4.96mV/dec at Vds=0.1V. Further, Circuit for a single leaky integrate and fire (LIF) neuron model has been designed using two of the proposed TFET devices. Lookup table-based Verilog A model of TFET device is done for circuit implementation. The circuit also provides a proper reset to the spike generation in neuron. Energy per spike of proposed LIF neuron is 24 pJ with a spiking frequency of 3.8 MHz. We have performed an image classification task on MNIST handwritten digit dataset using spiking neural network (SNN) employing Surrogate Gradient Descent algorithm. The designed SSN with proposed LIF- neuron characteristics shows a mean accuracy of 97.55% for recognizing data.

Abstract By preparing 7 nm-thick Al₂O₃ dielectric layers at three temperatures (150°C, 200°C, and 300°C), the effects of deposition temperature on the electrical performance and physical structure of CBRAM devices were analyzed. The results show that deposition temperature significantly affects the chemical structure and density of Al₂O₃, thereby regulating the switching behavior of the devices. The device deposited at 150 °C exhibits a low Forming voltage but poor switching endurance due to its high hydroxyl group content and low film density. Although the Al₂O₃ deposited at 300 °C has a higher density, the introduction of impurities from precursor decomposition leads to a narrowed resistance switching window and an increased Reset failure rate. In contrast, the device deposited at 200 °C achieves a balance among lattice oxygen ratio, film density, and chemical stability, demonstrating the optimal comprehensive electrical performance, including a stable resistance window, concentrated switching voltage distribution, and excellent resistance retention characteristics. XPS analysis further confirms that the Al₂O₃ deposited at 300 °C has the highest lattice oxygen ratio and the lowest hydroxyl group content. This study provides an important reference for optimizing ALD process parameters and fabricating high-performance CBRAM devices.